Also known as segregation, isolation, separation or lockdown, a practice that exists inside super-maximum prisons or Secure Housing Units (SHU), solitary confinement is inflicted on people in various incarnations around the world. INN defines it per the Nelson Mandela Rules: the confinement of prisoners for 22 hours or more a day without meaningful human contact, for a time period in excess of 15 consecutive days. This definition is informed by studies showing that the effects of solitary may be irreversible after this period.
The practice of solitary confinement can be traced back to America in the 1820s, when it was believed to aid in rehabilitation; resounding research proves that it does anything but. Boston psychiatrist Stuart Grassian famously found that at least one-third of those in solitary developed acute psychosis and hallucinations, which he identified as symptoms of “SHU Syndrome”: social withdrawal, panic attacks, irrational rage, loss of impulse control, paranoia, severe and chronic depression, difficulties with concentration and memory, perceptual distortions.
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